<?xml version="1.0" encoding="GB2312"?>
<rss version="2.0">
<channel>
<title>天下博客</title>
<link>http://218.8.252.152:8005/blog/</link>
<description>0</description>
<generator>Oblog 4.0</generator>
<webMaster></webMaster>
<item>
<title><![CDATA[使用多媒体辅助医学影像设备教学]]></title>
<link>http://218.8.252.152:8005/blog/u/yangfan/archives/2007/19.html</link>
<author>yangfan</author>
<pubDate>2007-6-25 14:48:00</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">李良成，张永顺，张景，李强</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">(</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">解放军白求恩军医学院，石家庄　</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">050081)</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">&nbsp;<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.55pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">摘　要</SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　电路工作程序分析是《医学影像设备学》学习中的重点，同时也是一个难点，如何搞好该环节的教学是我们思考最多的一个问题，经过不断的尝试，我们引入了多媒体辅助教学，取得了一定的教学效果。</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.55pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">关键词　多媒体；辅助；教学</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.55pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">Abstract</SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">circuit operating program analysis is the emphasis and the difficulty on the learning of“medical imaging equipment”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">It is the problem which we considered most that how to do well in the education of this sector</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">We start to use multimedia education after a lot of attempt</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">and we make progress in teaching effect</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.55pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">Key words</SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">multimedia</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">；</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">assistance</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">；</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">education</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在《医学影像设备学》教学中讲授电路工作程序时，我们常采用的方法是利用投影片，在投影上进行分析。问题是电路分析时有许多步骤，一环套一环，而投影上无法留下痕迹，学生们只要有一个步骤不清楚后面的分析就很难听懂，这样使得他们感到设备学枯燥无味且难度大，导致课堂吸收率不高。为了解决这个难题，我们在授课中引进了多媒体，取得了比较好的效果，现将制作及使用多媒体课件的体会介绍如下。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">1</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　图像录入</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">制作多媒体课件时，先要进行素材录入，设备教学使用的主要是电路结构和电路图，录入有自己的特殊之处。我们采用两种方法，对于元器件、控制台、外设及机房等直观的物体，我们通常采用数码相机进行拍照；对于电路分析使用的电路图，我们采用</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">Protel</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的原理图编辑系统</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">SCH</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">进行录入，这种录入方法虽然比直接扫描时工作量大了很多，但它的图像清晰度高，在动画制作时可以对电路图中的单个元器件进行处理，使用效果更好。</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">2</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　多媒体制作</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">多媒体制作时，我们首先对教学内容进行编排整合，根据课堂内容和授课程序确定授课内容及顺序，新课开始前展示目的和要求，让学生明确学习目的、了解重点难点，课中突出对重点难点内容的演示，课后展示小结，帮助学员加深记忆。其次根据认知规律采用合适的多媒体形式，对于电路分析我们主要是使用动画，课堂明显比以前要生动活泼。</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　电路结构方面，我们把一些关键的元器件及控制台、外设等设定为热区，在热区上设定跳转到另一个图片的动画设定。使用时，鼠标滑过该位置时只要按下左键就马上跳转到另一个幻灯片，该幻灯片上有元器件名称，实物的图形外表，性能介绍，工作方式，同时配上声音，起到调节课堂气氛的作用。</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　电路分析方面，采用迭加的办法，在需要得电的回路上迭加一红色线条。动画设定将线条从电源的一端开始伸展，最终到达另一端，继电器得电的动画设定采用闪烁后变红。在演示的时候可以看到一根红色的线条从电源的一端开始伸展，就象电流的流动一样，如果中间遇到继电器，该继电器将闪烁并变成红色，以示其已得电，然后线条继续伸展，直至到达电源另一端。</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">3</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　对于开始得电，其后又掉电的线路，我们再迭加与原来颜色一致的线条，动画设计与前面一样，演示的时候看到的效果就象红色线条从一端开始消失，最终整个线路恢复原来的颜色。在动画设计中把连续的动作时序设定为前一事件之后，需要停顿的动作时序设定为按下鼠标后动作，具体情况根据授课需要进行调整。</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">3 </SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　讨论</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">该课件引进课堂之后，学员们反应比较好，首先是课堂比以前生动、有趣，学生的学习积极性有所提高；其次由于多媒体能在得电回路上留下痕迹，大家不至于有一个步骤不清楚就影响整个电路的分析，课堂吸收率明显提高；在课后复习时学员也可以脱离教员，自己对着课件一步一步分析就能取得满意的效果。</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">多媒体虽然有一些优点，但它毕竟只是一种教学手段，一个辅助工具，一味追求形式，在课件上加入与课程无关的动画和声音，就有可能分散学员的注意力，反而得不到好的效果。同时也不能忽视教员的主导作用，如果整堂课只使用多媒体课件向学员演示是不可能取得好的效果的，我们教员在教学上还必须以自己为主，而多媒体课件只是用来辅助教学，以期</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">取得更好的教学效果。</SPAN></P>]]></description>
</item><item>
<title><![CDATA[认真学习两法，公开、公平、公正采购医疗设备]]></title>
<link>http://218.8.252.152:8005/blog/u/yangfan/archives/2007/18.html</link>
<author>yangfan</author>
<pubDate>2007-6-25 14:46:00</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">张燕平，杨小川，张菊敏</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">(</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">中国中医研究院广安门医院，北京</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">100053)</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">&nbsp;<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.55pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">摘　要</SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　医疗设备的招标采购已被医疗单位越来越多的广泛采用，认真学习招标采购的法律、法规，努力掌握招标采购的规则对医疗单位设备管理者日趋重要。我院近几年委托招标公司进行了多种形式的招标采购，有国际招标、政府招标采购、公开招标、竞争型谈判、询价采购、单一来源采购。采购的设备有</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">CT</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">ECT</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、彩超、影像设备、检验设备、手术室设备、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">ICU</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">设备、科研设备、网络设备等。</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.55pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">关键词　采购；医疗设备</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">Study“TWO LAWS”Carefully,Ordering Medcal Equipment with Open,Fair and Justice</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.55pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">Abstract</SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">Bidding order of medical equipment is widely applied in the medical unit</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">Study the laws and regulation of bidding order carefully</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">It is very important to manage the regulation of bieding order for the managers of the medical unit</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">Our hospital entrusted to the bidding company and carride out several types of bidding orders</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">They are:International bidding,govemment bidding order,public bidding,competitive negotiation,enquiry order and single source equipment,operation room equipment,ICU equipment,science and research equipment and network equipmentetc</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.55pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">Key words</SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">Order;Medical equipment</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">我国颁布的《中华人民共和国招标投标法》</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">(2000</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日实施</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">和《中华人民共和国政府采购法》</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">(2003</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日实施</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">已经走过了几年历程，这两部法规的出台为创造一个公开、公平、公正的采购环境提供了法律依据，规范了采购程序，在一定程度上净化了采购市场，有效的抑制了各样的权钱交易。这不仅是顺应中国加入世界贸易组织的需要，也是保障国家利益、社会公共利益和集体利益的需要。</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">1</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　公开、公平、公正的原则</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">公开透明原则、公平竞争原则、公正和诚实信用原则，就是要求招标活动具有较高的透明度、给予所有投标人平等的机会、且评标应按照统一的标准对待所有的投标人。为落实上述“三公”原则，一方面，招标将在国家规定各媒体上发布招标公告，并在招标文件中明确所有招标评标程序和评标原则，组织开标大会，评标工作结束后仍在各相关媒体上公示中标结果，以保证所有投标人获得同等的信息并知悉招标的一切条件和要求；另一方面，在评标过程中，评标委员会将严格依据《评标工作实施细则》，对所有符合资质要求的投标人采取相同的程序和标准进行评估和比较，以确定中标人。</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">2</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　招标采购具有以下特点</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　开放性　招标将面向社会所有符合资格要求的申请者，扩大了评选范围；</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　规范性　整个招标将严格依照《中华人民共和国招标投标法》和《中华人民共和国政府采购法》规定的程序、规则、方法和原则进行；</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">3</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　透明性　招标评选工作的程序和规则对所有投标人及相关单位公开，并接受监督；</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">4</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　竞争性　所有申请人必须经充分准备，并按照规定的程序和原则通过投标的方式进行公开、公平的竞争；</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">5</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　择优性　招标评选将采用相同的程序和标准，对所有的投标人的资格、企业现状、资源利用合理性、准备工作充分性及其创造社会、经济效益的能力等多方面因素进行综合评价，然后择优选定最终发放对象。</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">3</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　公开、公平、公正的关键在于监督</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">我国政府采购法草案起草于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">1999</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年初，后提交全国人大常委会进行了三次审议。起草这部法律草案的全国人大财政经济委员会负责人指出，制定政府采购法的目的就是要建立公开、公平、公正的政府采购制度和机制。全国人大常委会委员们在审议时关注的一个焦点就是如何建立这种制度和机制。要形成公开、公平、公正的政府采购机制，关键在于建立有效的监督制约机制，完善对集中采购机构和人员的监管，杜绝因遏制“小腐败”而滋生“新腐败”的现象。对集中采购机构和人员的监管等问题提出了许多修改意见。草案规定集中采购机构是非营利性法人，其工作应在竞争与透明的环境下进行，才能避免采购因“集中”出现新问题。对集中采购机构的经营情况、效益进行审核并定期公布，使各政府部门、事业单位可以“择优”委托。</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">3</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">1 </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　采购人必须按照法律规定的采购方式和采购程序进行采购。任何单位和个人不得违反法律规定，直接向其指定的供应商进行采购。</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">3</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　招标采购监督管理部门应当对招标采购机构的采购价格、节约资金效果、服务质量、信誉状况、有无违法行为等事项进行考核，并定期如实公布考核结果。</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">3</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">3</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　审计机关应当对政府采购进行审计监督。</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">3</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">4</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　监察机关应当加强对参与招标采购活动的国家机关、国家公务员和国家行政机关任命的其他人员实施监察。</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">4</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　医疗设备招标采购中的特点</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">4</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman"></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">随着两个法规的普及，医疗机构的设备采购、耗材采购、药品采购越来越多的纳入招标采购。常用的招投标形式有公开招标、国际招标、竞争性谈判、单一来源采购、询价等方式，公开招标应作为招标采购的主要方式。</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">4</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　招标采购与传统采购的不同　传统采购方法是使用部门根据掌握的有限信息提出采购意向，设备管理部门围绕这一意向收集相关资料，组织有关人员论证，报请院领导审批，执行采购方案。这一过程由于采购信息来源有限，产品间的竞争程度较低，使用部门受到传统意识影响，所采购的设备在性能、价格、服务等条款上就会受到限制。另外由于缺少有效的监督机制，容易滋生腐败现象。招标采购过程在公开环境下进行，信息量明显大于传统采购，由于采购信息量大，又在法律、法规限制下进行，竞争必然激烈，竞争的结果更有利于采购方。</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">4</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">3</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　器械主管部门在招标采购中的作用　器械主管部门根据法规要求和所采购设备的性质选择相应的采购方式。不同的招标采购方法有着不同的法律要求和法规程序。</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">4</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">4</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　在各种招投标工作中，常规工作包括选择合格的招标公司，签署委托书，共同形成标书的商务部分和技术参数，审标、评标专家的网上抽取，修改、完善标书，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">*</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">号、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">#</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">号的确定，确认最终标书。组织相关领导和专家参加开标，监督开标进程在法规允许的范围内向着有利于医院的结果发展。招投标结束后签署招标结果确认书，执行中标结果。</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">4</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">5</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　医疗设备采购有着它自身的特点，它不同于办公设备的计算机、打印机、复印机、投影机，也不同于通用设备的汽车、电梯以及建筑、道路工程。医疗设备专业性强，高科技含量大，技术参数多。在招标时常常遇到国际知名品牌与一般国外品牌的竞争，国际品牌与国产品牌的竞争，这些特点给医疗设备采购带来一定难度。</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">4</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">6</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　医院的历史情况对医疗设备的采购有一定的影响，医院会遇到招标采购设备与原有设备的一致性问题，中标设备与原有设备的一致性有着一定优势，用户对厂家的信誉、服务、技术支持较为了解，对新合作伙伴顾虑重重，有一定风险。新厂家的引进对医院来说利大于弊。</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">4</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">7</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　招标的商务部分非常重要，招标采购文件主要有两部分组成，即商务部分和技术参数。商务条款的确立降低了采购风险，完善了档案资料，充实了合同内容，受到了更多的法律</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">保证。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">4</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">8</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　技术参数是一项专业性很强的工作，应该由使用部门提供，但是专业技术人员对招标采购法规了解较少，很难编写出一份合格的技术参数，有时引进新设备没有相关专业技术人员，只有器械管理人员完成这项工作，所以当今的器械管理者不但要完成传统的管理职能，还要掌握广泛的专业技术以及相应的法律法规。</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">4</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">9</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　技术参数应满足所购设备全部功能，同时还应满足三家以上的投标商，应限制过多的投标，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">*</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">号、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">#</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">号的确定，大于等于，小于等于的应用，在入选厂家的技术参数中合并同类项，保留先进项，保证主要厂家基本满足参数，但都有不满足项目，保留公平竞争空间。</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">4</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">10</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　通过招标采购可以设立特殊补充条款，售后服务内容可以多于常规采购合同，付款方式更加有利于买方，包装，运输，安装，计量检测，免费保修时间，零配件，消耗品的供应价格等都可以公平的写进标书，买方可以得到最大的利益。</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">5</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　创造竞争环境，无倾向性采购是我们最大的体会</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">招标采购初期，多数用户认为在制定标书和招投标时应该有所倾向，但在实际运行中，由于厂家在投标时已经有了一定的把握，他必然在最后的标书价格上留有余地，厂家要争取最大的利润。为此，最好在招标采购前不要确定一个厂家，应保证</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">—</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">3</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">个品牌的认可，确保招标的竞争性，竞争越激烈，越能给用户带来更大的利益。</SPAN></SPAN></P><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">总之，熟悉招标采购的法律法规，熟悉招标采购的全过程，把握好招标采购的规则，对买方和卖方，对净化采购市场，对反腐倡廉都是一件利国利民的大好事。随着法规的普及和督机制的完善，医疗设备招标采购会更加公开、公平、公正。</SPAN>]]></description>
</item><item>
<title><![CDATA[电外科手术安全问题探索]]></title>
<link>http://218.8.252.152:8005/blog/u/yangfan/archives/2007/17.html</link>
<author>yangfan</author>
<pubDate>2007-6-25 14:43:00</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">艾永丽</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（苏州大学附属第一医院，江苏</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">215006</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.55pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">摘　要</SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　针对使用高频电刀进行外科手术中出现的诸多患者皮肤灼伤问题，从电外科手术发生器的特性及手术室的物理环境等方面，剖析灼伤热量的来源。并从实践积累中总结出“接地式”和“隔离式”两大类高频电刀的特点，对其技术性能的优劣进行理论分析。指出灼伤防范要点。</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.55pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">关键词　高频电刀；灼伤；回路电极；射频；隔离</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">[图分类号]</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">TH772</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　　　　〔文献标识码〕</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">B</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">从事医学工程技术工作十五年来，遇到的电外科手术安全问题，其表现形式可谓多种多样，由于回路电极与患者皮肤接触不良造成的灼伤，起因明确容易防护。使手术人员不知所措的是那些非回路电极处的灼伤，灼伤发生在令人费解的部位，那些莫明的热量从何而来？不知其所以然，防范这种灼伤就成了难题。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">剖析患者灼伤的真正原因，有两种仅在交流电路中才有的物理现象：电容和电感，不容忽视。电容器由两个导电材料组成，它们被非导电材料分开一段距离，当电荷在极板上聚积时，就有能量储在两极板间的电场中了、放置在交流电源中的电容器可产生交变电流在线路中流过。在具有电容的电路里，对交流电流所起的阻碍作用称为容抗，它在数值上等于电容（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">C</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）乘以交流频率（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">f</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">∏倍的倒数，即容抗</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">Xc=1/2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">∏</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">fC</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。频率越高，容抗愈小。在患者回流电极和触发电极电线为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">10</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">英尺长的情况下，如果电源频率为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">50Hz</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，它们只可能构成“小电容”。换句话说，每秒</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">50</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">个小的脉冲电流很难测到，因而这种交变电流就没有什么意义。而电外科手术发生器（即通常所说的高频电刀）的输出频率大致为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">500KHZ</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。这时每秒所产生的脉动电流就有几千倍之多，因此会产生一个很大的交流电流。迄今尚没有一种方法在不使用与地有一定电容的电线的情况下，就能将射频电流传导给患者组织。这样，所有隔离发生器均有一定的电流漏泄到地。装有接地患者回流电极的发生器也不理想，原因之一就是它们没有电感。</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">电感器的特性好像与电容器“相反”，每当电流通过电线时，就在该电线周围出现一种小的磁场。如把电线绕成线圈，由几匝附加的电线所产生的磁场彼此增强，于是在螺旋线圈中心可得到一个很强的磁场。在具有电感的电路里，对交流电流所起的阻碍作用称为感抗。它在数值上等于电感（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">L</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）与交流频率（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">f</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）乘积的２∏倍，即感抗</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">Xl=</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">２∏</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">fL</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。频率越高，感抗也愈大。同电容一样，对１</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">0</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">英尺长的电外科手术发生器的电极电线在电源频率为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">50Hz</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">时，电感的作用并不大，然而在高频，例如</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">0</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">5-3MHz</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">时，一根</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">10</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">英尺长的电线即使不缠绕成线圈，也可能有很大电感。其结果就是，如果患者回流电极在发生器机架上接地，那么患者的身体实际上没有接地。因为患者回流电极电线上的电感已足够大到在该电线上产生－小电压，因而在患者身体和真地间有一个小的射频（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">RF</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）电压。因此，即使“已接地”的患者回流电极也可能有漏泄电流到地。</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在单极电外科手术中，采用较大的患者电极用以分散</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">RF</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">电流，该电流返回到发生器中形成电回路。为了保证患者回流电极正确地与患者皮肤接触，现已设计了许多高频电刀保护系统，这些革新的目的仅在于将电外科手术局限在外科医生手中的触发电极终端。自单极高频电刀使用以来，在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">ECG</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">地极或</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">RF</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">接地皮肤点上偶尔出现的灼伤一直与这种单极电外科手术纠缠不清。</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">这个问题的理想解决方案就是设计一个系统，使得</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">100%</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的射频电流都流入回流电极，绝对没有任何杂散漏泄电流流到无意识的接地通路中去，最现实的解决方案则是使用在其中根本没有患者回流电极的双极发生器。双极发生器有两个电极，这样回流通路正好与触发电极并排。事实上，电外科手术通常在两个电极上进行，由于现实中射频耦合电容的存在，即使双极仪器在有良好隔离（无地参考）条件下，也不是完美的，总有一些小的其他漏泄发生。双极仪器的最大问题在于，它们还不能替代单极的电外科手术，因为双极仪器在许多应用中还不能工作。但所有的单极电外科手术都不如双极的理想。因为大部分电流在抵达患者回流电极之前，必须通过患者的身体。由于这个电流路径较长，就有许多迂回的机会，使得电流流入不希望的接地通路，如我院手术过程中曾出现过患者腰部被灼伤的情况，事后手术室护士长向我咨询灼伤原因，从理论上分析：是患者腰部与手术床之间形成了一个容性高频通路，高密度电流从此流过而使患者灼伤。由于患者的身体躺在接地的金属手术台上，身体对地就形成一个等效的电容，这一电容大约在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">200</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">600Pf</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">或略多的范围内，电容的大小与患者身体的尺寸、身体和手术台间的绝缘程度，以及他在手术台上的位置等因素有关。</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">常规的单极电外科手术发生器都使用地参考输出，这种方法就是将输出变压器二次绕组的患者回流电极部位连接到大地上。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">这种电外科手术仪器有四点不足之处。接地系统的第一个问题之所以发生的主要原因在于，手术室内的大多数物体都接地，如果触发电线与任何物体接触，电回路就会形成，因而有电流流过。在电外科手术中，如果电流密度保持较低水平，电流就能在不确定的时间周期内相当安全地通过机体组织。假定发生器可以提供</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">100</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">瓦特的功率，文献规定需要</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">9</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">或者</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">10</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">平方英寸的皮肤接触面积才可安全地通过这个电流。这也表示每平方厘米</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">5</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">瓦特功率（文献［</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">］）。问题在于假如果患者回流电极并非可靠地与患者皮肤接触，那么患者可能因为某些小的接地点形成电回路，于是产生较大的电流密度，并灼伤他们。这样的触点可能包括：低阻抗心电监护仪电极、小金属温度计、神经外科手术头架等等</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">接地系统的第二个问题：从技术上讲，患者回流电极绝不是真正接地。所有的电外科手术发生器为避免对神经和肌肉引起刺激，都以射频工作。现在市场上的全功率接地式发生器的工作频率在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">1MHz</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">2MHz</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">之间。患者回流电极电缆大概都有</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">10</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">英尺长，并且约有</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">3</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">5UH</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">电感。如果为了“整洁”电缆被缠绕成几匝，电感就可能上升到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">10UH</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">或更多。在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">2MHz</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">频率时，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">3</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">5UH</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">电感的电抗为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">44</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">欧姆，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">安培［</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">RMS</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（有效平均值）］的电流通过这种电缆时，就会产生</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">44</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">伏（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">RMS</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）的电压降。这意味着回流电极比金属机架高</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">44</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">伏。而金属机架又经过约</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">10</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">英尺长的电源软线被接到“地”上，这些到地的通路也有阻抗，很明显，“已接地”的患者回流电极在该电极与真地之间可能会有</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">50</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">伏或者更高的电压。</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">射频（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">RF</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）电流试图返回到二次绕组“已接地”的部位，并且会经过一切可以得到的通路抵达那里。电流会分配到这些不同的通路上，分配的方法是与每一个通路的阻抗成反比。因此，即使患者回流电极十分可靠地与患者皮肤接触，在一些小的接地触点上也可能发生灼伤（文献［</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">］）。</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在简单的接地系统中，电流所能流经一个触点的电流大小主要取决于回流电极的位置。因此，回流电极应该尽可能靠近手术部位放置。而且，无论何时各个触点都应该远离手术电极和患者回路电极之间的通路。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">简单接地系统的第三个问题：患者电极还是其他一些电流的通道，这些电流起因于可能施加给患者的地参考电压。例如：某些其他设备上的绝缘失败，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">50Hz</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的电源电压就会施加给患者，已接地的患者回流电极就会使得较大的电流流过患者，从而使其触电身亡。</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">接地系统的第四个问题：当它与一些双极附件连用时，运行性能低下，双极钳不能与接地系统配合使用。因为通常在患者和地之间的阻抗相当低，这个极低的阻抗不仅包括上文所述那些接地点，还包括患者身体与接地金属手术台之间的耦合电容，如果可以将患者和地有效地隔离，当然双极钳就可以正常工作。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">解决单极患者回流电极困境问题，最有效的方法之一是对地没有参考的隔离输出。隔离输出对于使用双极发生器来说，即使患者可能接地，也有独特的优点。这种系统的主要问题是患者回流电极的失效会使电流经过那些有效通路流回，由于将输出隔离，就不可能有电流经接地触点流入到地。这是因为如果患者回流电极不与患者接触，对地就没有参考。这种方法的优点是它简单，假如患者回流电极断路，就没有电流流动，换言之，在发生器不切割或不凝结时，外科医生会明白可能是患者的连接出了问题，而且这种隔离的患者回路电极不给地参考电源系统电压提供</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">50Hz</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的“通路”。</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">虽然隔离电外科手术有不少优点，但也有局限性，对于所有的单极系统，在患者回流电极从患者身上脱落并碰到接地物体时，其缺点就显露出来，由于没有患者回流电极去分散电流，因而电流就可能集中在那些小的接地皮肤点上，灼伤患者。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">有隔离的电外科手术发生器之所以不完美，是因为发生器并未完全被隔离。接地式发生器的不完善，是因为患者回流电极无法真正接地。无论那种情况下，使用大的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">ECG</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">电极，对患者回流电极电缆作笃信地检查，患者回流电极进行正确定位，并在每次移动或患者电缆受到干扰时都重新予以检查，将会最大限度地防止灼伤，使电外科手术安全进行。</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>]]></description>
</item><item>
<title><![CDATA[浅谈医疗设备维修中如何利用因特网]]></title>
<link>http://218.8.252.152:8005/blog/u/yangfan/archives/2007/16.html</link>
<author>yangfan</author>
<pubDate>2007-6-25 14:41:00</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">张海峰，姜浩，方建华，马少东</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">(</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">解放军</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">253</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">医院医学工程科，内蒙古，呼和浩特　</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">010051)</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman"></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.55pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">摘　要</SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　根据医疗设备维修工程师在实际工作中遇到的问题和难题，阐述了在医疗设备维修中如何有效利用因特网，从而提高我们的工作效率，对网络时代的医疗设备维修工作有一定的探索意义。</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.55pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">关键词　医疗设备维修；因特网</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">〔中图分类号〕</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">R197</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">39</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　　　　〔文献标识码〕</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">C</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman"></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">随着科学技术的发展，医院临床诊断和治疗越来越依赖先进的医疗设备，医疗设备是现代医院赖以生存和发展的必要条件和衡量医院医疗质量技术水平的重要标志之一。而医疗设备的维修工作则是医疗设备正常运转发挥其使用能效的重要保障。众所周知，现在医院医疗设备的维修工作越来越跟不上其发展，但计算机网络的飞速发展，又使得医疗设备的维修与因特网的联系日趋紧密，因此我们可利用因特网在信息交流方面的优势，充分利用网络资源，为我们的医疗设备维修工作所用。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在实际医疗设备维修工作中，我们经常面临的问题是进口设备多，缺少资料、图纸、配件及相关信息，因特网就给我们提供了契机。因特网是大信息流，资源浩瀚，般大的医疗设备公司都建有自己的网站，把一些产品信息放在其中，我们可以登录其网站收集设备的相关信息，如：生产设计年代、作用、性能指标、模块组件及仪器的相关技术参数等；可以在线请教维修工程师答疑或者发</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">E-mail</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。在这些网站中，国外大公司做得较好，像</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">Gemedical systems</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">Siemens</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、岛津等。一些医疗设备维修网站还可以收集到更多地提供关医疗设备的最新政策、法规，医疗设备的最新信息、资料以及医疗器械生产厂家、经销商的情况。如：中华医疗器械在线</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">(www</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">medical007</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">com)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">就是个很不错的网站，首先要注册为其网站的会员，这样才可以浏览网站的所有信息、发帖子交流经验、可以在其网站上的资料中心栏目收集我们所需的信息，还可以进入其维修论坛互动栏目，与全国各地的维修工程师交流经验、心得体会。</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在维修过程中我们经常会用到大量的元器件。最难查的一般是集成电路</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">IC</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">资料，对其参数及作用我们并不能一一掌握，这时就可用因特网。是那个公司的产品就进那个公司的网站，如果不知道该公司的网址，可以进入</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">google</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、百度、雅虎等搜索工具，填上所查</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">IC</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">型号，或者键入该公司英文名称。公司都有自己的产品索引和搜索引擎。对一些没有标明厂家型号的，可以根据所维修的仪器各部件的功能判断所坏电路部分的作用、元器件特征，上网查询其管脚排列、电器特性等相关资料，结合测量连线情况，画出电路图，这样至少可以清楚其结构原理。这方面的网站很多网站大型的，有：中国元器件在线</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">(www</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">ieechina</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">com)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、中国电子元器件网</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">(www</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">chinacomponets</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">com</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">cn)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、电子元器件交易网</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">(www</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">114ic</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">com)</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">等，其覆盖面广、内容丰富，会给我们的维修提供很大的帮助。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">现在很多医疗设备都安装了远程维护系统，一旦设备出现故障或者需要升级时，就可以通过其通讯接口、电话线连接到因特网，直接登陆到其工作站，由厂方工程师在线对仪器进行故障检测和系统升级。对于医院所属医疗设备日常维护由操作者负责，维修工作视情况而定，能修的小问题医院的维修工程师己修，对于那些复杂的设备，维修工作困难的可以通过</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">E-mail</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">将故障特征向维修专家描述，然后由专家将维修方案，包括故障测试点及参数以及必要的实物图或电路图通过</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">E-mail</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">发给医院的维修工程师，医院的维修工程师在专家的远程指导下进行检修或者向生产厂家授权的专业维修公司进行故障描述，由专业维修公司在通过</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">E-mail</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">发给我们详细维修方案，医院的维修工程师在专家的远程指导下完成维修任务，这样可更大限度的缩短维修时间，节省维修费用，提高设备的使用率。</SPAN></SPAN></P><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">以上是对医疗设备维修过程中利用因特网的一些粗浅体会。由于因特网技术的发展日新月异，要更好的利用它，必须提高自己的计算机网络知识，同时为更好的浏览英文网站及与进口设备生产厂及进行</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">E-mail</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">交流，还必须提高英语水平，这样才能让具有丰富信息资源、低费用、种类繁多的服务方式的因特网为我们维修工作提供更大的帮助。</SPAN>]]></description>
</item><item>
<title><![CDATA[医院信息系统安全性]]></title>
<link>http://218.8.252.152:8005/blog/u/yangfan/archives/2007/15.html</link>
<author>yangfan</author>
<pubDate>2007-6-25 14:41:00</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">张长虹，秦晓岗，袁钟清，赵亚丽，施咏军</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（北京军区总医院医学工程科，北京　</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">100700</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.55pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">摘　要</SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　信息技术是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">21</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">世纪颇受关注的技术领域之一。信息总是依托信息系统存在。医院信息系统是信息系统在医学领域中的具体应用，其安全性与信息、信息系统的安全性既有共性，又有其特殊性。</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.55pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">关键词　医院；信息；信息系统；安全性</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">〔中图分类号〕</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">R197</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">3</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　　　　〔文献标识码〕</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">B</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">1</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　信息的安全性</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">信息技术和生命科学技术是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">21</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">世纪颇受关注的两个技术领域。随着信息化的飞速发展，各种信息化系统已成为国家基础设施，支持着电子商务、电子金融、电子政务、能源、通信、交通、科学研究、网络教育、医疗保健等方方面面。信息成为人类个体或群体必需的重要资源。</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">信息作为一种人类社会的资源，其价值的特性不同于物质、资金和能源等资源。它具有自身的特殊性。信息价值不仅取决于信息的本身或内容，通常还取决于：</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">* </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">信息的可靠性，即信息的来源是否可靠或可以信赖，排除混乱或伪造的信息；</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">* </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">信息的准确性，即信息内容是否准确无误，排除错误或被篡改的信息；</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">* </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">信息的时间性，即信息仍然是有效或有意义的，排除失效或过时；</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">* </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">信息的传播性，即知道信息的人员范围，排除泄漏或失盗。</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">对于信息的拥有者，他必须能够持续地维护所控制的信息，保障信息的可用性、准确性、可靠性、时效性和传播性，防止信息受到无意的或人为的泄漏和破坏。这种对已控制信息的维护就是信息的安全管理。安全通常是相对于受到威胁而言的。信息安全就是受控制的信息仍然是可靠的而非伪造的，准确的而未遭破坏或篡改的，有效的和可用的而非延误的或难以提取的，传播范围是被严格控制的或保密的，而非泄漏或失盗的。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">所以概括起来，信息的安全可定义为：持续地维护信息的完整性（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">Integrity</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）、可用性（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">Availability</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）和机密性（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">Confidentiality</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）。完整性包括了信息的可靠性和准确性，可用性包括了信息的可获得性和时间性，而机密性是对信息传播范围的控制。</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">2</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　信息系统的安全性</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">信息总是依托信息系统存在，表现为信息系统所存储、处理和交换的数据单元。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">所谓系统是一个将输入变为输出的过程，是指由相互联系、相互作用又相互依存的若干单元组成的、具有一个共同目标的有机整体。广义的信息系统包括的范围很广，各种处理信息的系统都可称为信息系统，包括人体本身和各种人造系统；狭义的信息系统仅指基于计算机的系统，是人、规程、数据库、硬件和软件等各种设备、工具的有机集合，它突出的是计算机、网络通信、信息处理等技术的应用。本文指的是后一种定义的范畴。完整的信息系统包括信息采集系统、信息存储系统、信息交换系统、信息处理系统和信息应用系统。信息采集系统对信息可靠性和准确性负直接的责任，对信息传播性负最初的责任。信息存储系统、信息交换系统、信息处理系统和信息应用系统对信息数据正确性和传播性负有责任。这里的信息数据正确性就是对信息的可靠性和准确性负责。信息的时间性却不是信息系统本身能独立决定的。对信息系统来说，能做的就是及时地提供应用所需的数据，即保障信息的可用性。因而，信息安全问题成为信息系统的“数据”的安全。在信息系统中，信息安全就是保障系统中数据的机密性、完整性和可用性。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">从狭义角度讲，信息系统安全可定义为确保以电磁信号为主要形式的、在计算机网络化（开放互连）系统中进行自动通信、处理和利用的信息内容，在各个物理位置、逻辑区域、存储和传输介质中，处于动态和静态过程中的机密性、完整性、可用性、可审计性（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">Accountability</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）和抗抵赖性（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">Non-repudiation</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">），与人、网络、环境有关的技术安全、结构安全和管理安全的总和。这里的人指信息系统的主体，包括各类用户、支持人员，以及技术管理和行政管理人员；网络则指以计算机、网络互连设备、传输介质、信息内容及其操作系统、通信协议和应用程序所构成的物理的与逻辑的完整体系；环境则是系统稳定和可靠运行所需要的保障体系，包括建筑物、机房、动力保障与备份，以及应急与恢复体系。</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">3</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　医院信息系统的安全性</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">医院信息系统（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">Hospital Information System</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">HIS</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">），按照该领域权威专家</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">Morris F</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">Collen</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">教授所给的定义是：利用电子计算机和通信设备，为医院所属各部门提供病人诊疗信息和行政管理信息的采集、存储、处理、提取和数据交换的能力，并满足所有授权用户的功能需求。医院信息系统是是信息系统在医学领域中的具体应用。医院信息系统对安全性的要求一般比其它信息系统对安全性要求要高。记载病人敏感数据和个人隐私的医疗记录如果遭到破坏，不像金融欺诈或者信用卡信息丢失那样，钱丢了还可能找回来，敏感数据一旦被篡改或个人隐私一旦被泄漏，所造成的伤害往往是无法弥补的，可能是致命的。医院信息系统所管理的病人医疗记录是一种拥有法律效力的文件，它不仅在医疗纠纷案件中，而且在许多其它法律程序中均会发挥重要作用。随着人们对个人隐私越来越重视，以及相关法律的强制要求，所有能够用以标识病人信息的数据都应当受到严格的保护。例如，为规范医疗信息安全性和满足保护个人隐私需求，美国联邦政府于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">1996 </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年通过</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman"> HIPAA</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">法案（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，健康保险携带和责任法案）。该法案要求所有涉及医疗保健的机构中，包括医院、健康计划部门、保健服务商、相关票据交换所、医疗信息系统提供商、医科大学、甚至只有一个内科医生的办公室等，对任何形式的个人健康保健信息的存储、维护和传输都必须遵循</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">HIPAA</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的安全条例规定。对于违反</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">HIPAA</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">安全条例的行为，可以处以最高为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">25</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">万美元的罚款和最长为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">10</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年的监禁。</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">4</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　医院信息系统安全性的实现原则</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">医院信息系统的安全性可包括：</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">* </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">证实参与诊疗活动各方的身份，即“鉴别”（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">Authentication</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）他们是否确实与所声明的身份一致</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">* </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在个人的身份（或所处的位置）的基础上限制对特定信息的访问，也就是，“访问控制”（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">Access Control</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">* </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">记录谁、什么时间、采取恰当方式或不恰当方式、访问了什么内容，也就是，维护“审计跟踪”（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">Audit Trail</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">* </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">保护信息传输过程中不被拦截或窃听，也就是，保护信息的“机密性”</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">* </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">记录文档或对象由特定的个人或实体创建，也就是，对它“数字签名”</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">* </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">核实文档或对象自创建以来未曾被更改过，也就是，保证其“完整性”</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">* </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">记录文档创建（可能会记录时间）的事实，而且不能在以后否认其真实性，也就是，使得它“抗抵赖”</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">* </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">与患者有关的所有信息不被随意泄露，即保护患者的“隐私”（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">Privacy</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">严格意义上说，医院信息系统主要包括医院管理信息系统（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">Hospital Management Information System</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">HMIS</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）、临床信息系统（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">Clinical Information System</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">CIS</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）、图像存档与通信系统（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">Picture Archiving and Communication Systems</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">PACS</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）和办公自动化系统（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">Office Automation</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">OA</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）等。因此，医院信息系统安全性的实现必须依赖于这些分系统安全性的实现。由于每个分系统所管理的信息各有不同，安全性的实现也有所不同。各个分系统安全性的实现具有相对独立性，但是又是相互依赖和制约的。</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">为了实现医院信息系统的安全性，人们从不同的角度给出不同的论述，并提出了不同的解决方案，比如从信息系统安全性整体的角度，从实现信息系统安全性的软件架构的角度，从实现信息系统安全性使用的国际标准的角度，从信息系统通信安全性的角度，从实现信息系统安全性使用的安全技术的角度，从信息系统安全性意识的培养以及培训教育的角度，从信息系统实施的安全策略的角度，从法律法规对信息系统安全性要求的角度等。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">为了方便医院信息系统之间的互操作性（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">Interoperability</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">），医院信息系统总是尽可能地使用国际标准或行业标准。这些标准又可以分为专业词汇与编码标准（如</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">SNOMED</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">ICD9</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">LIONC</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">等）、数据模型建模工具标准（如</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">UML</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">RIM</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">等）、数据交换标准（如</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">DICOM</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">HL7</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">XML</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">CORBAmed</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">等）、通信标准（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">TCP/IP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">FTP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">等）几个类别。就数据交换标准而言，在目前的具体实施中，医院管理信息系统和临床信息系统典型地使用的是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">HL7</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">Health Level 7</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）标准，图像存档与通信系统典型地使用的是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">DICOM</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，医学数字成像与通信）标准。因此，为了使得医院信息系统安全性以比较一致的方式实现，最好在信息系统所依赖的各种标准中对安全性的实现进行严格地规定。</SPAN></SPAN></P>]]></description>
</item><item>
<title><![CDATA[基础医疗设备维修工作中的几点体会]]></title>
<link>http://218.8.252.152:8005/blog/u/yangfan/archives/2007/14.html</link>
<author>yangfan</author>
<pubDate>2007-6-25 14:40:00</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">马少东，姜浩，方建华，张海峰</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">(</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">解放军</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">253</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">医院医学工程科，内蒙古呼和浩特　</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">010051)</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman"></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.55pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">摘　要</SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　医疗设备维修工作以理论为基础，在维修工作实践中逐步提高维修技术水平，通过学习进一步提高理论水平与实践水平。</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.55pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">关键词　基础理论；维修实践；经验积累</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">〔中图分类号〕</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">R318</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">6</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　　　　〔文献标识码〕</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">C</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman"></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在当今的各级医院中，各种医疗设备无所不在，得到了广泛的应用，没有医疗设备的医院是不可想象的。在医院的医疗设备中，小到最基础的医疗设备如：吸引器、洗胃机、显微镜、培养箱、心、脑电图机等，大到高级精密的大型医疗设备如：核磁共振、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">CT</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、彩超、大生化等设备。医疗设备所涉及学科多，知识面广。它所涉及到医学、电子、光学、超声、放射、化学、计算机、机电一体化、机械等多学科内容。医疗设备在使用过程中，或多或少会出现各种问题，医院中从事医疗设备维修的人员的作用是非常重要的。在医院中高级维修人才是必不可少的，所发挥的作用也是最大的，但从事基础医疗设备维修人员的作用也不容忽视，对于从事基础医疗设备的维修人员来讲，要做到什么都会，什么都掌握的精深，那是十分困难的，也是不实际的。下面就本人从事常用基础医疗设备维修工作多年的经验谈一点体会，以和同行们共同探讨、交流。</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">１　基本理论知识是维修工作的基础</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">对于一个从事基础医疗设备维修人员来说。不一定非得掌握高深的理论基础、复杂的计算在实际工作中也不一定十分有意义，但基本的理论知识是基础的基础。只有掌握了基本理论知识如：医学、生物学、电子、光学、机械等学科的基本理论知识，才有可能搞清楚医疗设备的基本原理，从而掌握医疗设备的工作原理。这对于故障设备的维修至关重要，只有清楚设备的工作原理，才能准确地判断设备发生故障的部位，需要重点检测的部位。做到大致心中有数，理论知识直接关系到维修的时间、效率，甚至关系到患者的生命。如：一次我院抢救危重病人，呼吸机突然发生没有气体输出的故障，和呼吸机配套的空压机同呼吸机组成一个完整的工作体系，在检修中我们发现空压机气压表指针指示很低，马上打开空压机发现橡胶管老化破裂漏气，立即处理后排除了故障。基本理论大大有助于指导工作中的实践。从而避免维修工作的盲目性。在掌握设备的工作原理方面，不仅要掌握某一型号设备的原理，而且要通过某一型号设备掌握这一类设备的工作原理，做到触类旁通。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">２　实践工作是理论知识的体现和提高</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">医疗设备维修是一项理论与实践结合十分紧密的工作，在实际的工作中，实践工作是必不可少的重要环节，维修实践不仅有利于理论知识的巩固、提高，而且对维修工作经验的积累都起到了很重要的作用。在具体的设备中我们可以看到各种理论知识在实际中的运用。帮助我们更好地掌握设备的工作原理，加深印象。同样维修实践可以大大的提高我们的动手能力，掌握某一类设备的故障特点、规律，以后再碰到类似的故障就可以做到检修快速，提高工作效率，积累工作经验。如我们在维修某一型号超声雾化器时发现，其换能器座采用喷漆工艺，在超声波的作用下，漆膜乳化成粉状脱落，造成漏水而烧坏电路板，我们采用清除漆膜处理后，此故障不再发生，同时建议厂家改进。在维修实践中了解设备的工作原理也是我们对设备进行改进的基础。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">３　注重设备资料及其他资料的作用</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在医疗设备维修工作中，医疗设备资料的有无，直接关系到维修工作的效能，资料越全对工作越有利，至少也该有张设备原理图、电路图等。这将有助于我们对医疗设备的工作原理的理解和掌握，在维修工作中有的放矢，对元器件的查找和测试都很方便，为查找故障提供极大的帮助。当然常用的资料还应该有如：集成电路手册、晶体管手册等资料，还可以到互联网查询各种资料，如我们在检修一台设备时，查到有一只可控硅损坏，但手册查不到，后来在互联网上查到其参数，很快修复了设备，可见资料对设备的维修是多么的重要。所以平时要注意对资料收集和保管，尽可能多的收集对我们有用的资料。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">４　要注重学习不断提高业务能力和水平</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoBodyTextIndent style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">现在科学技术飞速发展，高新技术不断应用，对维修人员的素质要求越来越高，如果我们不学习新的理论知识，就会越来越不适应维修工作的需要。所以我们要了解高新技术在医疗设备中的应用，不断的提高自己的知识水平。学习一是要注重在职岗位的学习，通过各种专业书刊，各种媒体、互联网等。要多看维修和其它方面的文章，学习和借鉴别人的经验，对自己在维修工作中思路的开阔很有好处。二是积极参加各种维修培训班学习，这种培训班针对性强，有专业的工程师指导，设备工作原理一般也会有详细的讲述，对所学设备的易发故障、易损零配件等都会做详细介绍，使我们可以少走弯路，同时还可以使我们同厂家建立更好的联系，使他们为我们提供及时的帮助，所以我们要重视这样的学习机会。总之对于我们从事医疗设备维修人员，只有通过不断的学习，才能不断的提高自己的业务水平，才能在工作中更好地发挥自己的作用。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>]]></description>
</item><item>
<title><![CDATA[呼吸机使用前的功能测试及应对]]></title>
<link>http://218.8.252.152:8005/blog/u/yangfan/archives/2007/13.html</link>
<author>yangfan</author>
<pubDate>2007-6-25 14:36:00</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">李晓东</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">(</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">成都军区昆明总医院器材科，云南昆明　</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">650032)</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman"></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.55pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">摘　要</SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　临床在抢救或治疗病人使用呼吸机前，都应该确保呼吸机各项功能正常，各项指标符合标准，附属设备齐全，功能正常，必须用原机所配模拟肺进行模拟测试，一切正常后，才能与病人相连接。否则，在与患者应用之后才发现机器故障或参数不通配，将造成抢救或治疗工作的紧张忙乱，甚至造成医疗事故。</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.55pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">关键词　呼吸机；功能测试；应对</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">〔中图分类号〕</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">R459</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">7</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　　　　〔文献标识码〕</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">B</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">1</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　电源测试</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">大多数呼吸机都有电源自动检查功能或</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">Poweron self test</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">当呼吸机发现系统错误，例如：外电压过高，不稳，频率不对，电路中断时，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">POST</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">运行，呼吸机安全阀打开，提示“呼吸暂停参数”信息，机器进行</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">Buv</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">后备通电模式，声光强烈报警，先检查外部电源供电系统是否正常，其次检测呼吸机本身电源系统。</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">2</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　测漏</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">供气管路，病人回路与呼吸机内部管理组成了呼吸机的呼吸管路系统，其中供气管路（空气）供气压力每个厂家都有差异，外给气源一般应在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">35Psig-50psy</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，空压机泵内给气源应大于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">7</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">5Psig</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">泵压，否则，呼吸机进气阀无法打开。供气管路（氧气）的压力一般应大于或等于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">35Psig</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，过大会冲坏氧气进气阀膜。其次机内测漏，用一短路管串接一气压表，将呼气阀出口与吸气阀入口短接，将潮气量与呼吸频率设为最低，采用</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">PEEP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">压力检测，观察气压表的指针摆动，可判别主机内部管路的漏气情况，现在较为高档的呼吸机都具备</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">Leak test self</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">功能。</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">最后是病人回路管，通常在浸泡消毒完成后，重新安装连接中接头不严实，积水瓶拧不紧，以及长年浸泡，回路管变硬引发顺应性变差，在呼吸机上反映设定潮气量与机器实测潮气量误差太大，如果发现漏气，应作相应处理，顺应性太差的回路管，应当检查呼吸机的气道阻力补偿功能。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">3</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　应急工作状态测试</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">呼吸机在机械或微处理器功能失调时，一般会产生三种应急工作状态：</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">3</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　当吸气端的病人呼吸回路压力不合理地高于呼气端的压力时，气道压力分离报警发生即为（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">Airway press</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">disconn</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">），呼吸机立即按照呼吸暂停通气参数给病人呼吸，同时为了防止自动呼吸循环，灵敏度被锁定。立即检查呼吸回路及过滤器阻塞情况，病人吸痰情况，更正错误后，警报自动消除。</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">3</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　当呼吸机监测到电路有故障或</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">CPU</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">系统失灵，气路系统工作正常时，备用通气开始工作，此时呼吸机供气是采用工厂预设参数方式供气。</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">范围：模式</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">CMV</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（灵敏度无效）连续控制通气</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">潮气量＝</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">500ml</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">呼吸频率＝</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">12</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">次</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">/</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">分</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">吸入</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">O2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">＝</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">21</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">％或</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">100</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">％（有</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">O2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">源为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">100</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">％，否则为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">21</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">％）</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">峰值流量＝</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">45L/min</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">高压限＝</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">30cmH2O</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">警告：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">a</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、备用通气不能作长时间通气支持</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">b</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、避免对病人损伤，在应急通气情况下，不能调节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">Peep/cPAP</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">值，应将其逆时针调为零。</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">3</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">3</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　安全阀打开测试　正常情况下，呼吸机在自检过程中安全阀才打开，其余都应在关闭状态，只有在应急通气失败的情况下，失去气源或电源或呼吸机故障无法提供气源时，病人只能呼吸室内空气，安全阀必须打开，否则病人将出现窒息情况，测试方法简单，人为关掉空气或氧气时，呼吸机会发出安全阀打开的“啪嗒”声。</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">4</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　报警系统的测试</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">呼吸机报警系统都是厂家严格测试才出厂的，我们采用简单的方法对其限位范围外是否有声、光报警。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">4</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　气道压力上、下限报警测试　在呼吸机正常工作时用手压模肺，回路压力高于设定上限，机器报警，松开手后正常，取下模肺气道压力为零，下限报警，重新恢复后报警消失，说明报警正常。</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">4</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　潮气量下限报警测试　逐渐增加“吸入潮气量下限”值待呼吸几次后，一直到报警，提示潮气量超过下限报警，减小“吸入潮气量下限”至原值，报警停止，恢复后，一切工作正常。</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">5</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　附件功能的测试</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">对呼吸机来说，附件主要是湿化器及雾化器。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">5</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　对湿化器主要观察水位、温度是否稳定、精确，湿化器加热有加热线式和加热盘式，判别其加热器是否正常。</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">5</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　雾化装置　雾化装置只能在吸气时起作用，常见为运行</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman">30</SPAN><SPAN style="F